# Test Results URL: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/topics/0e9304ce-480b-49ed-94f2-ea27755169b9?locale=en Canonical Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/topics/0e9304ce-480b-49ed-94f2-ea27755169b9.md?locale=en Language: en ## Summary Explains HBV serology markers, liver tests, HBV DNA, imaging, and follow-up questions. ## Related OpenHBV Articles - Should people who are HBsAg positive be tested for hepatitis D (HDV)? URL: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/articles/should-people-who-are-hbsag-positive-be-tested-for-hepatitis-d-hdv?locale=en Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/articles/should-people-who-are-hbsag-positive-be-tested-for-hepatitis-d-hdv.md?locale=en Translation key: article-f892a9b006fd Language: en Published: 2026-06-26 Review status: source_backed Last reviewed: 2026-06-26 Tags: Coinfection, HDV, Monitoring, Prevention Summary: Why hepatitis D depends on hepatitis B, which HBsAg-positive people should ask about HDV testing, and what to do after a positive or high-risk result. - Hepatitis B with HIV or hepatitis C: tests, medicines, and follow-up points URL: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/articles/hepatitis-b-with-hiv-or-hepatitis-c-tests-medicines-and-follow-up-points?locale=en Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/articles/hepatitis-b-with-hiv-or-hepatitis-c-tests-medicines-and-follow-up-points.md?locale=en Translation key: article-4ff4f9de9e07 Language: en Published: 2026-06-26 Review status: source_backed Last reviewed: 2026-06-26 Tags: Coinfection, Monitoring, Treatment Summary: What to prepare when hepatitis B overlaps with HIV, hepatitis C, or related treatment decisions, and why HBV-active medicines should not be stopped on your own. - Hepatitis B symptoms: when not to wait for the next follow-up URL: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/articles/hepatitis-b-symptoms-when-not-to-wait-for-the-next-follow-up?locale=en Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/articles/hepatitis-b-symptoms-when-not-to-wait-for-the-next-follow-up.md?locale=en Translation key: article-9ee2fad0b9d5 Language: en Published: 2026-06-26 Review status: source_backed Last reviewed: 2026-06-26 Tags: Newly diagnosed, Monitoring, Treatment Summary: A practical guide to common hepatitis B and liver disease symptoms, urgent warning signs, and what reports and medicines to bring before care. - HBV DNA, ALT/AST, and liver tests: how to read trends over time URL: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/articles/hbv-dna-alt-ast-and-liver-tests-how-to-read-trends-over-time?locale=en Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/articles/hbv-dna-alt-ast-and-liver-tests-how-to-read-trends-over-time.md?locale=en Translation key: article-6380c1409f3c Language: en Published: 2026-06-26 Review status: source_backed Last reviewed: 2026-06-26 Tags: Serology, Monitoring, Treatment Summary: How HBV DNA, ALT/AST, bilirubin, albumin, INR, platelets, imaging, and medication history can be organized for chronic hepatitis B follow-up. - What to do after a positive HBsAg result URL: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/articles/what-to-do-after-a-positive-hbsag-result?locale=en Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/articles/what-to-do-after-a-positive-hbsag-result.md?locale=en Translation key: what-to-do-after-a-positive-hbsag-result Language: en Published: 2026-06-26 Review status: source_backed Last reviewed: 2026-06-26 Tags: Newly diagnosed, Serology, Monitoring Summary: What a positive HBsAg result may mean, what follow-up tests are commonly discussed, and what not to decide from one marker alone. ## Related Sources - CDC Clinical Care of Hepatitis C Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-clinical-care-of-hepatitis-c?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-clinical-care-of-hepatitis-c.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/hcp/clinical-care/index.html Organization: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Source type: guideline Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 国家公共卫生机构 Summary: CDC 丙肝临床照护说明，涵盖直接抗病毒药治疗前的评估、HBV 感染风险和治疗期间监测考虑。 - CDC Hepatitis B and HIV Coinfection Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-hepatitis-b-and-hiv-coinfection?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-hepatitis-b-and-hiv-coinfection.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/hcp/hiv-coinfection/index.html Organization: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Source type: guideline Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 国家公共卫生机构 Summary: CDC 面向医务人员的乙肝与 HIV 合并感染说明，强调 HIV 感染者筛查 HBV、疫苗、治疗和肝病风险管理。 - NIH HIV and Hepatitis B Coinfection Guidelines Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/nih-hiv-and-hepatitis-b-coinfection-guidelines?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/nih-hiv-and-hepatitis-b-coinfection-guidelines.md?locale=en Original URL: https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-arv/hepatitis-b-virus-hiv-coinfection Organization: National Institutes of Health Source type: guideline Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 美国国立卫生研究院临床指南 Summary: NIH 成人和青少年 HIV 抗逆转录病毒指南中的 HBV/HIV 合并感染章节，说明筛查、含 HBV 活性药物的 ART、停药风险和监测。 - NIDDK Cirrhosis Symptoms and Causes Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/niddk-cirrhosis-symptoms-and-causes?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/niddk-cirrhosis-symptoms-and-causes.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/cirrhosis/symptoms-causes Organization: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Source type: patient_resource Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 美国国立卫生研究院患者教育资源 Summary: NIDDK 关于肝硬化症状和原因的患者说明，涵盖疲乏、瘙痒、黄疸、腹水、出血、意识改变等症状。 - VA Cirrhosis Patient Guide Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/va-cirrhosis-patient-guide?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/va-cirrhosis-patient-guide.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.hepatitis.va.gov/cirrhosis/patient/single-page.asp Organization: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Source type: patient_resource Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 政府患者教育资源 Summary: 美国退伍军人事务部面向患者的肝硬化指南，解释腹水、静脉曲张出血、脑病等并发症和需要急诊处理的警示情况。 - CDC Hepatitis B Basics Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-hepatitis-b-basics?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-hepatitis-b-basics.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/about/index.html Organization: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Source type: fact_sheet Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 国家公共卫生机构 Summary: CDC 面向公众的乙肝基础说明，涵盖传播、急慢性感染、常见症状、检测、疫苗和治疗概念。 - WHO Hepatitis D Fact Sheet Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/who-hepatitis-d-fact-sheet?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/who-hepatitis-d-fact-sheet.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-d Organization: World Health Organization Source type: fact_sheet Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 权威公共卫生来源 Summary: WHO 关于丁型肝炎的事实说明，涵盖 HDV 与 HBV 的关系、全球负担、重症风险、传播、诊断、预防和治疗概况。 - CDC Hepatitis D Basics Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-hepatitis-d-basics?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-hepatitis-d-basics.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-d/about/index.html Organization: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Source type: fact_sheet Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 国家公共卫生机构 Summary: CDC 面向公众的丁型肝炎说明，解释 HDV 只能感染已有 HBV 感染的人、传播途径、风险人群、症状、筛查检测和预防。 - CDC 2023 Hepatitis B Screening and Testing Recommendations Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-2023-hepatitis-b-screening-and-testing-recommendations?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-2023-hepatitis-b-screening-and-testing-recommendations.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/rr/rr7201a1.htm Organization: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Source type: guideline Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 国家公共卫生机构 Summary: CDC 2023 年乙肝筛查和检测建议，包含成人一次性三项筛查，以及接受或需要细胞毒性、免疫抑制或免疫调节治疗人群的检测建议。 - Hepatitis B Online Monitoring Persons On and Off HBV Therapy Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/hepatitis-b-online-monitoring-persons-on-and-off-hbv-therapy?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/hepatitis-b-online-monitoring-persons-on-and-off-hbv-therapy.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.hepatitisb.uw.edu/go/hbv/monitoring-persons-on-hbv-therapy Organization: University of Washington Hepatitis B Online Source type: patient_resource Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 大学医学教育资源 Summary: 面向临床学习者的慢性乙肝治疗前后监测说明，涵盖 ALT、HBV DNA、HBeAg/HBsAg 和肝癌筛查等随访项目。 - WHO 2024 Chronic Hepatitis B Guidelines Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/who-2024-chronic-hepatitis-b-guidelines?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/who-2024-chronic-hepatitis-b-guidelines.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240090903 Organization: World Health Organization Source type: guideline Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 权威公共卫生指南 Summary: WHO 2024 年慢性乙肝预防、诊断、照护和治疗指南，覆盖检测、治疗、随访和公共卫生策略。 - AASLD Hepatitis B Guidance Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/aasld-hepatitis-b-guidance?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/aasld-hepatitis-b-guidance.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.aasld.org/ Organization: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Source type: guideline Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 专业肝病学会 Summary: 乙肝管理相关临床指导和实践资源。 - CDC Hepatitis B Testing and Diagnosis Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-hepatitis-b-testing-and-diagnosis?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/cdc-hepatitis-b-testing-and-diagnosis.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html Organization: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Source type: guideline Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 国家公共卫生机构 Summary: CDC 关于乙肝筛查、诊断和血清学标志物解释的专业指导。 - WHO Hepatitis B Fact Sheet Source record: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/who-hepatitis-b-fact-sheet?locale=en Source Markdown: https://openhbv.bangbo.dev/sources/who-hepatitis-b-fact-sheet.md?locale=en Original URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b Organization: World Health Organization Source type: fact_sheet Published: not listed Source updated: not listed Last checked: 2026-06-26 Credibility note: 权威公共卫生来源 Summary: WHO 关于乙肝传播、预防、疫苗、检测、治疗和全球公共卫生影响的概览。 ## Use Notes Topic Markdown is a content navigation page, not standalone medical advice. Continue to the related article Markdown and source Markdown pages to verify specific medical claims, action guidance, and source dates.